Survey of public attitudes to council tax, 2024: summary

The Welsh Government is undertaking a programme of research to inform the Programme for Government commitment to reform council tax to ensure a fairer and more progressive system.

Previous research has identified that levels of awareness of and attitudes to local taxes are not clear and seldom measured. For this reason, this research has involved examining general public understanding and acceptance of the council tax system in Wales. 

The purpose of this research was to examine public perceptions of the fairness of council tax. This included the design and administration of the tax as well as the way it is used and invested in communities. It also sought to explore the relationship between the level of knowledge and understanding of council tax and perceptions of its fairness and draw out views on future reform of the tax. An additional set of questions included in 2023 looked at how information on council tax is accessed. 

The Wales Omnibus Survey involves interviews with a quota sample of a minimum of 1,000 adults aged 16 years and over who are resident in Wales. Genuine statistical significance cannot, strictly speaking, be established using quota sampling; ‘significant’ differences refer to a pseudo-statistically significant different at the 95% confidence level.

Fieldwork for the March 2024 wave of the Wales Omnibus Survey took place between 26 February and 17 March 2024. A total of 1,000 interviews were completed.

Respondents to the survey were evenly split between those who reported that they knew a fair amount about council tax and those that reported that they knew very little about it. 

Around half of respondents (43%) reported knowing a fair amount about council tax, with a similar proportion (44%) reporting that they knew very little. There were notable differences by age, working status and housing tenure. Respondents who were more likely to report that they knew a great deal or a fair amount about council tax were male, aged 55+ years, retired or property owners. Respondents who were more likely to report that they knew very little or nothing at all about council tax were female, aged 16-34 years, full-time students, or social or private renters. 

When respondents were asked to name services funded by council tax, the most commonly named services were bin or refuse collection (50%), police (42%) and roads or road maintenance (31%).

The survey showed that the majority of respondents found paying council tax a simple process, would know who to contact if they had a problem with council tax and did not find their council tax bill difficult to understand. 

Around eight out of ten respondents (82%) agreed that paying council tax is a simple process. There were significant differences by age, working status, tenure and disability status. Respondents who were more likely to agree that paying council tax is a simple process were homeowners or not disabled. Respondents who were less likely to agree were aged 16 to 34, unemployed or students.

Around half of respondents (52%) agreed that they were aware of the council tax support that may be available. There were significant differences by age, income and council tax payment status. Respondents who were more likely to agree that they were aware of the support that may be available were aged between 35-54, from single adult households or in receipt of discounts or reductions to their council tax. 

Around three quarters of respondents (71%) disagreed with the statement that they do not know who to contact if they had a problem with council tax. There were significant differences by age, tenure and working status. Respondents who were more likely to agree that they did not know who to contact if they had a problem with council tax were aged 16 to 34 years, private renters or full-time students. 

Around three out of every five respondents (58%) disagreed with the statement that their council tax bills are difficult to understand. There were significant differences by age, gender, income, council tax payment status and property tenure. Respondents who were property owners or retired were more likely to disagree that their council tax bills are difficult to understand. 

Respondents had mixed attitudes in terms of whether their council tax bill reflects the current value of their home. 

Around two out of five respondents (43%) agreed that their council tax bill reflects the current value of their home. There were significant differences by age, council tax payment status, household structure and property tenure. Respondents who were more likely to disagree that their council tax bills reflect the current value of their home were aged 16 to 34, private renters, paid council tax in full and lived in households with two or more adults and dependents.

The majority of respondents disagreed that they had seen the benefit of council tax invested in their local community or that the council tax system is fair, and around two-thirds reported that it was not clear to them how council tax is spent.

Around two thirds of respondents (65%) disagreed that they had seen the benefit of council tax invested in their local community. There were significant differences by age, working status, disability status, tenure and council tax band. Respondents who were more likely to disagree that they had seen the benefit of council tax invested in their local community were female, aged 35 to 54, property owners or paying council tax in full.

Around three out of five respondents (61%) disagreed with the statement that the council tax system is fair. There were significant differences by age, income band and council tax payment status. Respondents who were more likely to agree that the council tax system is fair were male, aged 16 to 34 years or earning £75,000+ per annum. Respondents who were more likely to disagree that the council tax system is fair were those who paid their council tax in full or partly via a discount or reduction.

Around three out of five respondents (61%) agreed that it was not clear to them how council tax is spent. There were significant differences by age, working status, income, household structure, council tax payment status and social grade. Those respondents who were more likely to disagree that it was not clear to them how council tax is spent were aged 55+ years, retired, or living in households with two or more adults and dependents. 

Respondents had mixed attitudes towards the extent to which the council tax system supports people who cannot afford to pay, and whether local councils have enough control over council tax rates.

Around half of respondents (46%) agreed that the council tax system supports people who cannot afford to pay. There were significant differences by age, working status, income, region, social grade and council tax payment status. Respondents who agreed that the council tax system supports people who cannot afford to pay tended to be retired or permanently not working or living in the Valleys. Respondents who disagreed that the council tax system supports people who cannot afford to pay tended to be aged 16-34 years or paying council tax in full. 

Responses were fairly equally divided in terms of whether local councils do not have enough control over council tax rates, with 41% disagreeing with this statement, and 27% answering, ‘don’t know’. There were significant differences by gender, age, working status and property tenure. Respondents who agree that local councils do not have enough control over council tax rates tended to be aged 16 to 34. Respondents who disagreed that local councils do not have enough control over council tax rates tended to be male, retired, or property owners.

The majority of respondents reported that the amount of council tax they are expected to pay is too high. However, when provided with information about the services which are funded by council tax, a smaller proportion described their council tax bill as too high, with a greater proportion describing their bill as about right or too low in light of this information.

Around three out of every five respondents (63%) indicated that their council tax was ‘too high’. There were significant differences by age, working status, income, region, social grade, council tax payment status, household structure, tenure and council tax band. Respondents who were more likely to report that council tax was ‘too high’ were property owners, paying council tax in full, living in households with two or more adults and dependents, living in west south Wales and in council tax bands E, F, G, H or I. Respondents who were less likely to report that council tax was ‘too high’ tended to be aged 16 to 34, earning less than £9,999 per year or unemployed. 

Around a quarter (24%) of respondents indicated that the amount of council tax they are expected to pay was ‘about right’. There were significant differences by income, region, social grade, tenure, disability status, household structure, council tax payment status and council tax band. Respondents who agreed that the council tax they were expected to pay was ‘about right’ tended to be private renters, not disabled, or earning more than £75,000 per year. Respondents who disagreed that their council tax was ‘about right’ tended to be in council tax bands E, F, G, H or I. 

After being provided with information about the services which are funded by council tax, a smaller proportion indicated that the council tax they are asked to pay was too high (54% compared to 63% before the information was provided). A larger proportion of respondents indicated that the amount they are expected to pay was about right (29%, compared to 24% before the information was provided). 

There was a significant increase in the number of respondents who reported that their council tax was very expensive or too high between 2022 (7%) and 2023 (14%) and 2024 (14%).

The majority of respondents agreed that council tax should be replaced with a different system of local taxation to make it fairer. When asked about alternatives, a system of local taxation based on income was perceived as the fairest system.

Around half of respondents (46%) agreed that council tax should be replaced, with 15% disagreeing. Around two out of five respondents (40%) answered ‘don’t know’ to this question. There were significant differences by gender, age, working status, income band, tenure, disability status, social grade, council tax band and council tax payment status. Respondents who agreed that council tax should be replaced tended to be male, in receipt of a discount or reduction or living in council tax bands E, F, G, H and I. Respondents who disagreed that council tax should be replaced tended to be aged 16 to 34, not disabled, students, private renters or earning more than £75,000 per year.

Around two out of five respondents (41%) ranked ‘your income’ as the fairest measure of a new system of local taxation. Around than one in every ten respondents (8%) ranked ‘the value of the land your property occupies’ as the fairest measure. Around half of all respondents (54%) ranked a system where everyone pays the same amount as the least fair measure.

Respondents indicated that the most important aim of a new system of local taxation is that local taxes should be clear and simple to understand.

When asked to rank a series of statements in terms of their importance on a scale of 1 to 10 (where 1 was not at all important and 10 was absolutely vital) the results showed that the most important aim of local taxation according to residents was that ’local taxes should be clear and simple to understand’. Respondents gave this statement a mean average importance score of 8.61. The aim that local tax bills should ‘reflect ability to pay’ was given the lowest mean average importance score of 7.85.

Around four out of every ten respondents (46%) ranked the statement ‘local taxes should be clear and simple to understand’ as absolutely vital, whereas around a third of respondents (33%) ranked the statement ‘local tax bills should reflect ability to pay’ as absolutely vital.

The majority of respondents found it easy to access information about their council tax and most accessed this information using a local council website.

Around two out of five respondents (42%) reported that they accessed information about their council tax on a local council website. A majority of these respondents (78%) found it easy to access this information. Respondents who were more likely to access information using a local council website were aged 34-54 years, from mid/west Wales, from single-adult households or in receipt of a council tax discount or reduction. 

Around a fifth of respondents (18%) answered that they use the Welsh Government website to access information about their council tax. A majority of these respondents (77%) found it easy to access this information. Those who were more likely to access information using the Welsh Government website were aged 16-34 years, living in single-adult households with dependents, or private renters. 

Almost half of respondents (43%) answered that they used none of the categories listed to access information about their council tax.

Report authors: Louisa Smith (Knowledge and Analytical Services, Welsh Government)

Views expressed in this report are those of the researchers and not necessarily those of the Welsh Government.

For further information please contact:
Louisa Smith
Social Research and Information Division
Knowledge and Analytical Services
Welsh Government
Cardiff
CF10 3NQ
Email: Research.PublicServices@gov.wales

Social research number: 2/2025
Digital ISBN 978-1-83715-121-9

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